|
The history of the Czech lands in the High Middle Ages encompasses the period from the rule of Vladislav II (c.1110–1174 AD) to that of Henry of Bohemia (c.1265–1335). The High Middle Ages includes the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries (c. 1000–1299). It was preceded by the Early Middle Ages (the fifth to the tenth centuries) and followed by the Late Middle Ages, which ended about 1500. The High Middle Ages produced a number of intellectual, spiritual and artistic works and saw the rise of ethnocentrism, which evolved into nationalism. The rediscovery of the works of Aristotle led Thomas Aquinas and other thinkers of the period to develop the instructional method of scholasticism. In architecture, many notable Gothic cathedrals were built (or completed) during this era. ==Hereditary law== After the death of Vladislav II wrangling for the Prague throne began among members of the Premyslid Dynasty, indicating that the order of succession begun by Bretislav I was obsolete. Disputes within the ruling dynasty were exploited by Emperor Friedrich I Barbarossa, who established the Margraviate of Moravia as an imperial princedom whose prince was subordinate to the Roman sovereign and did the same with the Prague bishopric in 1187. Friedrich I died three years later and the confusion was addressed by the German parts of the Empire, so the Premyslids gained time. The Margraviate of Moravia kept its name for a half-century (with its ruler known as the margrave), but it fell under the sovereignty of the Bohemian monarch (who kept the office or entrusted it to close relatives).〔Vaníček Vratislav, Velké dějiny Zemí koruny českéI., II. Praha 1999〕 Ottokar I of Bohemia I emerged from the confusion at the end of the 12th century, ruling from 1197. By skilful politics with both Roman Emperors (Philip of Swabia and Otto IV of Brunswick), he renewed the royal peerage for Bohemian kings which was confirmed by Pope Innocent III in 1204. The new Roman Emperor and the King of Sicilia Friedrich II then confirmed the Premyslids all competences and powers in the instrument – the famous Golden Bull of Sicily, issued in Basel on 26 September 1212. The instrument proclaimed the inheritance of the Bohemian royal dignity, renewed the scope of the Bohemian dominion in its original borders and stated conditions for Czech ruler´s participation in Imperial Diets. The Pope Innocent III, who approved Premysl the royal title, considered the Church as a top Christian institution and believed in the superiority of the spiritual power over the secular power. The same opinion was also enforced by his successors at the St. Peter´s throne. Unlike in Western Europe, the relationship in which the dominant role was played by the secular power, especially by the king, still prevailed in the countries of Bohemia. They did not see anything strange in it because the gifts from rulers and noblemen contributed to the growing prosperity of the Church. The traditional view corresponded neither to the interests of the Church, nor to the needs of society. The Prague Bishop Andrew therefore started the combat for the independence of the Church. However, he did not obtain the necessary response in Bohemia. In the end, Ottokar I of Bohemia agreed in 1221 and1222 that the Church exercised ownership rights over land as well as tributaries at its townships. Churchmen should further abide by the canonical (ecclesiastical) law and could not be summoned before secular courts. In practice, the principles of concordat (the agreement between the Church and the ruler or state) were not successfully and fully introduced to life. In the 13th century the Church finished building its organisational structure in the Bohemian territory. The highest Church administrative unit was bishopric with subordinated Senior Deacon´s Offices; the lower grade was formed by deaneries and basic parish units. In Latin, the Czech state was further called Bohemia, however in Czech and other Slovenian languages the territory was called "Čechy". What the word "Czech" originally meant is unclear. The Czechs thus formed a unified tribe slowly changing to a medieval nation. However, the inhabitants of Moravia also spoke Czech. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「History of the Czech lands in the High Middle Ages」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|